Digital Twin

Configuration

Cognition

Visualization

Analysis

Batch

Stream

Predictive maintenance

Cyber

Simulation model

Data-driven

Behaviour

Physics-based

Geometric

Abstraction level

Component

System

System-of-systems

Conversion

Security

Data quality management

Communication

Data aquisition

Batch

Stream

Communication

Client-server

Primary-secondary

Storage

Pub-sub

Physical Twin

Validation

N*K-fold CV

Holdout

Model development

Statistics

Machine Learning

Deep Learning

KPI

Risk rate

Equipment effectiveness

Remaining useful life

Health indicator

Anomaly

Fault conditions

Feature extraction

Time-domain

Frequency-domain

Time-frequency domain

Model tuning

Cost-sensitive learning

Evaluation metrics

Data balancing

Undersampling

Ensemble method

Oversampling

Over- and undersampling

Hyperparameter tuning

Model serving

Embedded

On-premise

Cloud