Access to basic drinking water (improved source, collection ≤ 30 min / piped/tubewell etc.)

~ 95 % of households have access to basic drinking water (2022–23)

98.5 % had access to an improved drinking-water source in 2019

Access to “safely managed” drinking water (on-premises, available when needed, uncontaminated)

Less than 50 % of population — according to UNICEF/other reports

~ 59 % (some reports ~ 56–59 %) have access to safe drinking water (2022)

Access to improved sanitation (latrine/toilet, improved facility, not necessarily safe disposal)

Basic sanitation coverage widespread; in 2022 survey many rural/urban households get toilets.

In 2019, ~ 84.6% households used “improved sanitation facilities” (urban 90.6 %, rural 82.9 %)

Access to “safely managed” sanitation (improved + safe excreta disposal / treatment / sewerage)

Coverage is uneven; many places still lack proper wastewater/sewage treatment despite improved toilets.

As of 2025 report: over one-third of population still lack access to safely managed sanitation — many lack decent toilets or proper sewage/faecal waste management.

Hygiene: households with handwashing facility (soap + water) / basic hygiene access

Data variable — but general WASH-program documents show progress on sanitation and water, though hand-washing facilities are not universal.

In 2019, ~ 74.8 % of households had soap + water handwashing facility (urban 87 %, rural 71.4 %)

Remaining Challenges / Gaps

Despite improved water sources and toilets, safe drinking water (on-premises + uncontaminated) remains less than half; unequal distribution especially rural vs urban; many lack full sewage/wastewater treatment infrastructure.

Though improved water sources and sanitation facilities are widespread, water contamination (microbial or arsenic), safe disposal of waste (sewerage / faecal sludge management), and coverage in vulnerable / remote / poor areas remain big issues. Over one-third lack safely managed sanitation.