Prior studies (typical)

• Single region / short period

• 1-2 indices (NDVI/NDWI)

• Limited cross-validation

This study

• 5 regions

• 2020-2025

• NDVI + NDWI + MSI + NMDI

• Climate context (P, LST)

Multi-index interpretation

Vegetation vigor (NDVI)

Canopy water (NDWI)

Moisture stress (MSI)

Soil+veg moisture (NMDI)

Actionable outputs

• Temporal trends

• Regional contrasts

• Early-warning signals

• Policy support

Cross-checking layer

• Precipitation anomalies (z-score / SPI)

• LST anomalies

• ABH & DGM reports

• Known groundwater stress (Haouz, Souss-Massa, Tadla)