Comparative Analysis of Biometric Modalities

User-Friendliness

Finger Vein Recognition

High: Internal vein patterns are difficult to replicate or spoof.

Unique to each finger and stable throughout adult life.

Contactless acquisition; robust to skin surface conditions.

Moderate: Specialized NIR imaging hardware required.

Medium: Surface patterns susceptible to spoofing attacks.

Unique per individual and finger; stable over time.

Requires physical contact; widely accepted and easy to use.

Low: Affordable and widely available sensors.

High: Complex iris patterns resistant to forgery.

Highly unique and stable throughout life.

Non-contact but requires user cooperation.

High: Specialized imaging equipment needed.

Medium: Vulnerable to spoofing but improving with liveness detection.

Moderate uniqueness; can vary with expression and lighting.

Contactless and fast; widely accepted by users.

Moderate: Requires cameras and processing power.

Voice Recognition

Low: Vulnerable to noise and spoofing attacks.

Moderate uniqueness; varies with health and environment.

Contactless and convenient but less reliable.

Low: Uses common microphones and software.

Very High: Internal retinal patterns are extremely secure.

Requires close proximity and user cooperation.

High: Specialized and expensive equipment required.

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