Initialize Population x_i ∈ [lb, ub], v_i = 0

Evaluate Fitness f_i (Loss between ρ_m, ρ_a)

Map Fitness → Charges (better → higher c_i)

Compute Forces F_i (Coulomb attraction/repulsion)

Update Velocities v_i (damping + α ⋅ F_i)

Dipole Mutation? (if rand < p_dip)

Project to Bounds [lb, ub]

Evaluate New Fitness f_i

Accept / Reject If f_i ≤ f_i accept Else accept with prob p_uphill Else reverse velocity

Converged?

Final Best Solution x*, f*

Yes

No