Legend: "+" = same-direction effect; "-" = opposite-direction effect; R = reinforcing loop; B = balancing loop

Reducing
aquifer conditions

Arsenic
mobilization
in aquifer

Tube-well
reliance

Organic matter
availability
in sediments

Risk awareness
(testing/education)

Mitigation coverage
(deep wells, filters)

Arsenic in
drinking water

Use of low-arsenic water

Human arsenic dose
(water pathway)

R1
Poverty-Exposure-Illness

Reliance on
cheapest/nearest
water source

Chronic disease
burden

Health events /
visible symptoms

Household
income/agency

Irrigation
pumping

Arsenic
loading to soils

Total arsenic dose
(food + water)

+

-