The data represent industrial operations and modeling for calendar year 2025, which serves as the reference year for this study.

Modeled Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data — including electricity, diesel, and transport energy intensities — were developed between 2024 and 2025 using secondary literature and database sources.

Source data span approximately six years (2018 – 2024), ensuring all datasets reflect modern technology and current industrial practices relevant to 2025.

All data are annual averages representative of typical industrial operations. No time-series or seasonal data were included.

The oldest secondary dataset (PlasticsEurope 2020) is five years old relative to 2025, which is within ISO 14044’s 10-year temporal validity range.

The 2018–2024 period provides the most recent available datasets for kraft pulping, papermaking, and coating processes. Using this range ensures that modeled energy and material flows accurately represent present-day production conditions for the 2025 reference system.

The study relies entirely on secondary data sources (no primary on-site measurements). Minor temporal gaps between data sources are assumed negligible for comparative purposes.

High — all datasets are recent (≤ 5 years old) and correspond to modern industrial processes; thus, the temporal correlation with the 2025 reference year is strong.