Industrial/Legacy Sensors (RTD, Thermocouple, Humidity, Door)

Direct-to-Cloud Sensors (Wi-Fi/LTE/LoRa)

IoT Gateway (Protocol translation, Buffering, Edge rules, OTA, TLS, Certs)

Azure IoT Hub

Azure IoT Central (managed app)

Custom HTTPS API (3rd party & non-standard devices)

Resilience & Redundancy (UPS, Dual Sensors, Retry/Buffer)

Stream Analytics / Functions (Windowing, Sustained Breach Rules)

Alerts & Notifications (Logic Apps, Twilio/Email/Push)

Monitoring & Visualization (Dashboards, Grafana/Power BI)

HOT (30-90 days) Cosmos DB / Azure Data Explorer

WARM (6-24 months) Azure SQL / PostgreSQL

COLD (5-10 years) ADLS/Blob - Parquet/Avro Immutable retention policies

Immutable Audit Trail (Append-only logs, hashes, 21 CFR Part 11)

Calibration Certificates & SOPs (Document store/CMDB)

Excursion Reports & e-Signatures (Power BI Paginated / PDF, CSV, XLSX)