[INPUTS: STRESSORS]

Environmental / Hydro-Geographic Stressors

• Acute flooding (typhoons, flash floods)

• Chronic flooding (tidal cycles, riverine saturation, land subsidence)

• Environmental degradation (mangrove loss, groundwater over-extraction)

Socioeconomic / Structural Stressors

• Vulnerable housing (light-material structures)

• Economic precarity / climate-sensitive livelihoods

• Limited institutional support

Psychological Stressors

• Trauma cues (thunder, lightning, darkness)

• Loss of place / ontological insecurity

• Secondary stressors (displacement, property/livelihood loss)

[PROCESS: Psychological Outcomes]

• Acute stress reactions (palpitations, insomnia, hyper-vigilance)

• Chronic stress (adaptation fatigue, baseline exhaustion)

• Emotional responses (fear, sadness, helplessness, social withdrawal)

• Normalization / functional avoidance

[OUTPUTS: Coping Mechanisms & Resilience]

Problem-Focused (Practical / Structural)

• Elevation of homes (harigues)

• Adding second stories

• Use of boats/rafts for mobility

Emotion-Focused (Psychosocial / Cultural)

• Pananampalataya (faith) & Katatagang-loob (internal resilience)

• Bayanihan (communal unity, adopt-a-family)

• Social cohesion as trauma buffer

• Cultural & social anchors (faith, Bayanihan) moderate stressor impact
• Coping strategies feedback into adaptation & normalization
• Chronic exposure shapes intergenerational disaster experience