Subject-centered,

content-focused

Learner-centered,

outcome-focused

Teacher-centered, didactic

Student-centered, interactive

Rote memorization,

repetition

Critical thinking, problem-

solving, collaboration

Summative,

exam-based

Formative, continuous,

competency-based

Knowledge acquisition, grades

Skill development,

lifelong learning

Fixed, rigid, subject-specific

Flexible, integrated,

interdisciplinary

Lecture, textbook-based

Project-based, technology-

integrated, inquiry-based

Knowledge transmitter

Facilitator, mentor, coach

Passive recipient

Active participant,

self-directed learner

Isolated, academic

Real-world, relevant, applied