Neurology — Epilepsy (Adults, Pediatrics, Pregnancy)Drug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesValproate (Valproic acid)	Broad-spectrum ASD	Generalized & absence seizures; Status epilepticus (step-3)	Teratogenic (neural-tube defects)	Pregnancy / women of child-bearing potential	Prefer lamotrigine/levetiracetam in young women; if already pregnant: don’t stop abruptly; plan switch before conception.Lamotrigine	ASD / mood stabilizer	First-line monotherapy; Absence (with valproate); Safer in pregnancy/elderly	Not specified in lecture (adult deck: rash mentioned)	Not specified	Monitor levels during pregnancy; post-partum readjust dose.Levetiracetam	ASD	First-line; Status step-3 alternative	Not specified	Not specified	Fewer interactions; rapid titration; acceptable in pregnancy.Oxcarbazepine	ASD	First choice for focal/partial	Hyponatremia	Not specified	Reasonable in elderly; option in pregnancy.Carbamazepine	ASD / mood stabilizer	First choice for focal/partial; listed for mania	Not specified	Not specified	Therapeutic level (mania): 6–12 mg/L.Ethosuximide	ASD	Childhood absence (first-line); adult absence (2nd-line)	Not specified	Not specifiedTopiramate	ASD / adjunct in mania	Add-on/LGS	Not specified	Not specifiedPhenytoin	ASD	Conventional; previously status step-3 (now less preferred)	Many interactions; cardiac effects/arrhythmias	Not specified	Replaced by valproate/levetiracetam for status.Phenobarbital	ASD	Conventional; neonatal use	Not specified	Not specifiedGabapentin	ASD	Adjunct in elderly partial-onset; listed among mania agents	Not specified	Not specifiedThiopental	IV anesthetic	Refractory status epilepticus (ICU)	Not specified	Not specified	Use with ventilatory support.Propofol	IV anesthetic	Refractory status epilepticus (ICU)	Not specified	Not specifiedLorazepam (IV)	Benzodiazepine	>5 min seizure termination; acute febrile seizures	Not specified	Not specifiedMidazolam (buccal)	Benzodiazepine	As above (community/ED)	Not specified	Not specifiedDiazepam (rectal)	Benzodiazepine	As above (home/ED); rectal in pediatrics	Can ↑ disorientation; paradoxical agitation (delirium deck)	Not specified	See delirium note; route for febrile seizures.Antipyretics (class)	Analgesic/antipyretic	Comfort only in febrile seizures	Not specified	Not specified	Do not prevent seizures.Folic acid (5 mg/d)	Vitamin	Pre-conception for women with epilepsy	Not specified	Not specified	Start ≥3 months before conception.

Neurology — Multiple SclerosisDrug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesMethylprednisolone (IV 500–1000 mg ×3–5d)	Corticosteroid	Acute relapse	GI upset/gastritis, ↑glucose/↑BP, depression, osteoporosis; insomnia, weight gain	Not specified	Start early after relapse; write drug by name.Interferon-β	Immunomodulator (inj.)	DMT to reduce relapses	Flu-like sx, pain, skin rxns, depression	Pregnancy (slide: abortion/teratogenic)	SC 1–3×/wk.Glatiramer acetate	Immunomodulator (inj.)	DMT	Not specified	—	Allowed in pregnancy (only one noted).Fingolimod	S1P modulator (oral)	DMT	Not specified	Pregnancy (very teratogenic)	Washout ~2 months pre-conception.Teriflunomide	Pyrimidine-synthesis inhibitor (oral)	DMT	Not specified	Pregnancy (teratogenic)	Requires washout (duration not specified on slide).Dimethyl fumarate	Oral fumarate	DMT	Not specified	Not specified	Oral option.Natalizumab	α4-integrin inhibitor (IV)	DMT	Not specified	Not specified	Monthly IV.Alemtuzumab	Anti-CD52 mAb (IV)	DMT (advanced)	Not specified	Not specified	Infusion option.Ofatumumab	Anti-CD20 mAb (SC monthly)	DMT	“No major side effects highlighted”	Not specified	“Most used now; effective & safer; easy to inject.”Ocrelizumab	Anti-CD20 mAb (IV q6mo)	DMT	“No major side effects highlighted”	Not specified	“Major shift in MS management.”High-efficacy DMTs (Natalizumab/Ofatumumab/Ocrelizumab/Rituximab)	Biologics	Pregnancy planning: stop before; if pregnant on therapy—may continue with caution	Not specified	Not specified	Timing-critical on slide.SSRIs (class)	Antidepressants	Depression in MS	Not specified	Not specified	Symptomatic management.Analgesics (class)	Analgesic	Pain/headache in MS	Not specified	Not specified	Symptomatic.

Sleep Disorders — Narcolepsy & CataplexyDrug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesModafinil (Vigil)	Wakefulness-promoting	Daytime somnolence in narcolepsy	Not specified in lecture	Not specified	From “Sleep Disorders” slide (image you sent).Sodium oxybate	CNS agent	Cataplexy in narcolepsy	Not specified	Not specified	As listed on the slide.Antidepressants (class)	—	Cataplexy (selected agents)	Not specified	Not specified	“Certain antidepressants” (names not given).Neuro-ophthalmology — Pupil & StrabismusDrug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesCocaine (topical)	Indirect sympathomimetic	Historic Horner test (normal dilates; Horner doesn’t)	Not specified	Not specified	Mechanism: blocks NE reuptake; physiologic anisocoria → both dilate.Phenylephrine 10%	Direct sympathomimetic	Horner (denervation hypersensitivity) / mechanical miosis doubt	Not specified	Not specified	Dilates Horner pupil more than normal.Apraclonidine	α2-agonist (weak α1)	Current test to confirm Horner	Not specified	Not specified	Replaced cocaine test in practice.Hydroxyamphetamine	Indirect sympathomimetic	Localize Horner (pre- vs post-ganglionic)	Not specified	Not specified	Stimulates NE release.Pilocarpine 0.1%	Parasympathomimetic	Adie (tonic) pupil test—constricts abnormal pupil	Not specified	Not specified	Denervation supersensitivity.Pilocarpine 1–2%	Miotic	3rd-nerve vs pharmacologic mydriasis	Not specified	Not specified	Palsy pupil constricts; drug-dilated does not.Atropine / Tropicamide	Mydriatic/cycloplegic	Pharmacologic dilation (anisocoria differential)	Not specified	Not specifiedMorphine	Opioid	Cause of pin-point pupils (coma context)	Not specified	Not specifiedBotulinum toxin (Botox)	Chemodenervating	Strabismus (temporarily weaken EOM); Hoarseness selected cases; Spasmodic dysphonia	Not specified	Not specified	Multiple lectures mention (strabismus, hoarseness, phonetics).

Psychiatry — Antidepressants & AnxiolyticsDrug/Group	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesFluoxetine / Sertraline / Paroxetine / Citalopram	SSRIs	MDD, GAD, PTSD, panic/phobic, OCD, bulimia, atypical depression; anxiety in medical pts; comorbid depression in MS; somatoform contexts	Anorexia, nausea, insomnia, ↓libido, SIADH, bruxism; suicidality (young)	Avoid with MAOIs	Sertraline safest post-MI; mainstay in anxiety (with CBT).Amitriptyline / Imipramine / Clomipramine	TCAs	MDD; neuropathic pain; migraine; OCD (clomipramine); nocturnal enuresis (imipramine); somatoform (pain/hypochondriasis with SSRIs)	Antimuscarinic effects; orthostasis; sedation; seizure risk	BPH, angle-closure glaucomaVenlafaxine / Duloxetine	SNRIs	Mixed 5-HT/NA reuptake inhibitor class for depression/anxiety spectrum	Not specified	Not specified	Named as “newer mixed reuptake inhibitors.”Bupropion	NDRI	Depression; smoking cessation	Tachycardia, insomnia, headache; seizures in bulimia/anorexia	Bulimia or anorexia nervosa	Lower sexual/weight AEs.Mirtazapine	NaSSA	Depression with insomnia/weight loss	Sedation; ↑appetite/weight; dry mouth	Not specified	α2-blocker; 5-HT2/5-HT3 & H1 block.Trazodone	SARI	Sedating option for insomnia/anorexia	Not specified	Not specifiedPropranolol (low dose)	β-blocker	Anticipated triggers (social phobia) 15–30 min before event	Not specified	Not specified	Event-only, not daily.Benzodiazepines	Anxiolytics	Short-term adjunct in anxiety; max ~1 month to avoid dependence; not routine in delirium (except alcohol-withdrawal)	Addiction/dependence risk; may ↑ disorientation & paradoxical agitation	Not specified	Combine with CBT; avoid daytime sedatives in delirium.

Psychiatry — Psychosis / Mania (incl. EPS tools)Drug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesHaloperidol	Typical (high-potency)	Psychosis; drug of choice in delirium; acute mania (with mood stabilizer)	EPS	Not specifiedFluphenazine / Pimozide	Typical (high-potency)	Psychosis	EPS	Not specifiedChlorpromazine / Thioridazine	Typical (low-potency)	Psychosis	Cardiotoxic & anticholinergic profile; sedation, hypotension	Not specifiedRisperidone	Atypical	Psychosis; acute mania	Dose-dependent EPS; hyperprolactinemia; weight gain; sedation	Not specified	Behaves like typical >6 mg.Olanzapine	Atypical	Psychosis; acute mania	Marked weight gain; ↑ lipids/glucose; ↑ LFTs	Obesity/DM/↑chol (slide: “contraindicated”)	Highest metabolic risk.Quetiapine	Atypical	Psychosis	↑ LFTs (~6%); weight gain < olanzapine; metabolic effects (less); orthostasis	Not specified	Start low in elderly.Ziprasidone	Atypical	Psychosis	QT prolongation; hyperprolactinemia (< risperidone)	Avoid in heart disease	No weight gain; absorption ↑ with food.Aripiprazole	Atypical (D2 partial agonist)	Psychosis	Low EPS/sedation; akathisia/activation	Not specified	Interactions: ↑ by fluoxetine/paroxetine; ↓ by carbamazepine; ↑ by ketoconazole.Clozapine	Atypical	TRS	Agranulocytosis (monitor WBC); ↑ seizures (esp. + lithium); heavy metabolic AEs	Not specified	Not first-line.Benztropine / Trihexyphenidyl / Diphenhydramine	Anticholinergics	Treat EPS (dystonia, parkinsonism)	Anticholinergic AEs	Not specified	Caution with other anticholinergics (e.g., TCAs).Amantadine	Dopamine facilitator	Helps EPS	Not specified	Not specifiedPropranolol	β-blocker	Akathisia adjunct	Not specified	Not specified

DeliriumDrug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesHaloperidol	Typical antipsychotic	Drug of choice for delirium	Not specified	Not specified	Keep meds minimal; avoid daytime sedatives.Diazepam (class: benzodiazepines)	Benzodiazepine	Reserve for alcohol-withdrawal delirium; short-term sleep only in select pts	↑ disorientation; paradoxical agitation	Not specified

CNS InfectionsDrug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesCeftriaxone + Vancomycin	3rd-gen ceph + glycopeptide	Empiric acute bacterial meningitis	Not specified	Not specified	Start ASAP (after bloods/LP), then tailor.Dexamethasone	Corticosteroid	Adjunct in bacterial meningitis	Not specified	Not specified	Case-by-case.Acyclovir (IV)	Antiviral	HSV encephalitis/viral meningitis; part of initial triple when unclear	Not specified	Not specified	Start early; ~10–14 d.AEDs (class)	Anticonvulsants	Seizure control in encephalitis	Not specified	Not specifiedCorticosteroids (class)	Anti-edema	Cerebral edema in encephalitis	Not specified	Not specifiedRifampin / Ciprofloxacin / Ceftriaxone	Antibiotics	Chemoprophylaxis for meningococcal contacts	Not specified	Not specified	Plus isolation 24h after antibiotics; vaccinate as indicated.Doxycycline / Cefuroxime	Antibiotics	Lyme disease	Not specified	Not specifiedMeningococcal vaccine	Vaccine	Scheduled/booster in context	Not specified	Not specifiedAntibiotics (class)	Antibacterial	Brain abscess (± neurosurgical drainage)	Not specified	Not specified

ENT — Nasal / Polyps / SinusitisDrug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesDesloratadine / Levocetirizine	Oral antihistamine	Allergic rhinitis (mild–moderate)	Not specified	Not specified	Add eye drops if ocular sx.Azelastine (nasal)	Topical antihistamine	Allergic rhinitis	Not specified	Not specifiedMometasone / Fluticasone (nasal)	Topical corticosteroid	AR; polyps (first-choice)	“Generally safe” (topical)	Not specifiedPrednisolone (oral)	Systemic steroid	Polyps (short taper post-op)	Systemic AEs: Cushing’s, DM, HTN, cataracts, hypothyroidism (listed)	Not specified	Taper ~3 weeks.Xylometazoline (Otrivin)	Topical decongestant	Severe obstruction (brief use)	Not specified	Not specified	Short courses only.Leukotriene receptor antagonists	Class	Polyps (allergy-related)	Not specified	Not specifiedAmoxicillin-clavulanate	Antibiotic	Polyps with sinusitis/obstruction; acute bacterial sinusitis	Not specified	Not specifiedSecretolytic agents	Mucolytics	Acute sinusitis	Not specified	Not specifiedAntibiotics / Oral corticosteroids (class)	—	Acute sinusitis (selected cases)	Not specified	Not specifiedSilver nitrate	Chemical cautery	Minor/recurrent epistaxis	Not specified	Not specified

ENT — Larynx & HoarsenessDrug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesRacemic epinephrine (neb.)	Sympathomimetic	Croup	Not specified	Not specified	Vasoconstriction → ↓edema → better breathing.Corticosteroids (systemic)	Anti-inflammatory	Croup; Acute epiglottitis (with IV antibiotics); some hoarseness cases	Not specified	Not specified	Not useful in Reinke’s edema (surgery instead).Antibiotics (IV)	Antibacterial	Acute epiglottitis	Not specified	Not specified	Secure airway first.Anti-reflux meds	Anti-reflux therapy	GERD/LPR-related hoarseness; post-op after microlaryngeal surgery	Not specified	Not specified	First choice on Tx slide.Botulinum toxin (BOTOX)	Chemodenervating	Selected hoarseness cases; spasmodic dysphonia	Not specified	Not specified	Also used in strabismus.Inhaled corticosteroids / Hormone therapy / Antipsychotics / Thrombolytics	— (causes)	—	Listed as drug causes of hoarseness	—	Take careful drug history.

ENT — Adenoid & Tonsils / SwallowingDrug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesSaline nasal irrigation	Topical saline	Adenoid symptoms	Not specified	Not specified	Conservative.Antihistamines	Class	Add if co-existing allergy (adenoid)	Not specified	Not specifiedAntibiotics (class)	Antibacterial	Bacterial adenoiditis; acute tonsillitis/sinusitis (as indicated)	Not specified	Not specifiedPenicillin (7–10 d)	β-lactam	Acute tonsillitis—DOC	Not specified	Penicillin allergy	If allergic → macrolide.Macrolides	Antibiotic class	Acute tonsillitis (penicillin-allergic)	Not specified	Not specifiedAnalgesics/Antipyretics	—	Symptom control (tonsillitis)	Not specified	Not specified	Include salt-water gargles.Barium sulfate	Contrast	Barium swallow (diagnosis)	Not specified	Not specified	For Zenker/achalasia evaluation.

Neurology — Facial Nerve Palsy (Bell’s & Secondary)Drug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesPrednisone (oral)	Corticosteroid	Bell’s palsy	Not specified	Not specified	Always add PPI; with eye care.PPI (e.g., omeprazole)	PPI	Gastric protection with steroid	Not specified	Not specified	“Rule until you retire.”Artificial tears (± patch)	Ocular lubricant	Corneal protection	Not specified	Not specified	Part of basic care.Valacyclovir	Antiviral	Add-on in severe cases (esp. immunosuppressed)	Not specified	Not specified	1 week; evidence unproved.Antibiotics (class)	Antibacterial	Secondary FNP (otitis/skull-base infection)	Not specified	Not specified	Treat cause.Cephalosporins / LMWH dextran	—	—	—	—	Least effective options in MCQs for idiopathic Bell’s.

Neurodevelopmental — ADHD / ASD (Adults)Drug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesMethylphenidate / Dextro-amphetamine	Psychostimulants	ADHD (adults); also when ASD + ADHD	Not specified	Not specified	Combined therapy > meds alone > therapy alone.Atomoxetine	SNARI	ADHD	Not specified	Not specified	Non-stimulant option.SSRIs (class)	Antidepressants	ASD: comorbidities & repetitive/obsessive behaviors	Not specified	Not specified	Not for core social deficits.Antipsychotics (class)	Antipsychotics	ASD: aggression, tantrums, stereotypies, self-injury	Not specified	Not specifiedMelatonin	Sleep regulator	Sleep problems in ASD	Not specified	Not specified

Somatoform / Medically Unexplained Physical SymptomsDrug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesSSRIs	Antidepressants	Body dysmorphic disorder; Hypochondriasis (with TCAs); treat comorbid anxiety/depression/sleep disturbance	Not specified	Not specified	Lecture states no specific medicine for somatoform d/o overall.TCAs	Antidepressants	Pain symptoms; Hypochondriasis (with SSRIs)	Not specified	Not specified	Use as adjunct only.

General Hospital Psychiatry (med effects)Drug	Class	Uses	Side effects	Contraindications	NotesSSRIs	Antidepressants	Depression/anxiety in medically ill	Not specified	Not specified	With CBT & self-care.Benzodiazepines	Anxiolytics	Short-term for anxiety	Not specified	Not specifiedCorticosteroids (long-term)	Steroids	—	May precipitate mania/schizophrenia	Not specified	Medical tx that can cause psychiatric sx.