➡ Mutualism (+/+)

➡ Commensalism (+/0)

➡ Parasitism (+/-)

➡ Predation/Herbivory (+/-)

➡ Competition (-/-)

--- Dashed line = Indirect effect

(Ficus sycomorus)

• Mutualism (+/+)

• Commensalism (+/0)

• Parasitism (+/-)

• Predation/Herbivory (+/-)

• Indirect (--)

(Ceratosolen arabicus)

• Mutualism (+/+)

• Commensalism (+/0)

• Parasitism (+/-)

• Predation/Herbivory (+/-)

• Indirect (--)

• Mutualism (+/+)

• Commensalism (+/0)

• Parasitism (+/-)

• Predation/Herbivory (+/-)

• Competition (-/-)

(Crematogaster spp.)

• Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism...

(Apis mellifera)

(Platypleura spp.)