HPA Axis

CRH

pituitary gland

ACTH

pomc cleavage

β-Endorphin

Blood

Adrenal Cortex

Cortisol

GRs

NPY sub. P

+ GPCR

↓ protein kinase

mitochondrial dysfunction

↓ cAMP ↓ Ca²⁺ f ↓ pain ↓ ACTH ↓ Cortisol

↓ NFκB

TNFα IL1β Cytokin

JAK MAPK

ROS

↑ Blood glucose

Adaptogen Rhodiola rosea, panax ginseng

GPx

SOD

CAT

Misfolded protein

HSP70

protein

MSP

MSP32

MSP70

Active FOXO (HSF, MSF)

Inactive FOXO

Stress resistance survival

ROS

NPY sub. P