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No AD
Preclinical AD (~20 years)
• Compromised neuronal integrity & synaptic function
• Tau tangles
• CSF tau changes
• Amyloid plaques
• Reduced amyloid clearance
• Hippocampal volume changes
Transition Phase
• Initial cognitive impairment begins
Symptomatic AD (~7–12 years)
• Memory loss
• Metabolism changes
• Depression
• Behavioral changes
Death
Cognitively normal
Compromised neuronal integrity
and synaptic function
AD changes in the brain
↑ Tau tangles
↑ CSF tau
↑ Amyloid
plaques
↓ Clearance
of amyloid
↓ Hippocampal volumes
↓ Memory
↓ Metabolism
Depression
Behavioral change
Oxidative stress
Inflammation
Microglial activation
Neuronal loss
Cognitively Normal
Advanced AD
• Oxidative stress
• Inflammation
• Microglial activation
• Neuronal loss
• Death
AD
by noel
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