EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: FACTORIAL CRD (n=5)

Synergistic SiNPs & Caffeic Acid on Quinoa under Drought Stress

(Full Irrig.)

(Moderate)

(Severe)

100% FC (T1–T7)

T1: Control

T2: 50 SiNPs

T3: 100 SiNPs

T4: 100 CA

T5: 150 CA

T6: 50S+100C

T7: 100S+150C

70% FC (T8–T14)

T8: Control

T9: 50 SiNPs

T10: 100 SiNPs

T11: 100 CA

T12: 150 CA

T13: 50S+100C

T14: 100S+150C

50% FC (T15–T17)

T15: Control

T16: 50 SiNPs + 100 CA

T17: 100 SiNPs + 150 CA

Legend:

• SiNPs = Silicon Nanoparticles (foliar spray)

• CA = Caffeic Acid (μM, foliar spray)

• S = SiNPs | C = CA

• n = 5 replicates | 8 kg soil/pot | CRD

• Harvest: Physiological maturity (3 months)