Energy (kcal/kg/day) – +340–450 total – 30–40 (AKI) 25–30 – Per needs

Protein (g/kg/day) 0.8–1.2 +15 g total 0.8–1.0 1.2–1.5 1–1.8 – 1.2–2.0

Carbohydrates (% of kcal) 50–60% 50–60% 45–65% – 4 g/kg/day – 60–70% of non-protein kcal

Fat (% of kcal) <30% (sat fat <7%) – <30% – 0.7–1.5 g/kg/day – 20–30%

Saturated Fat <7% of kcal – Limit – – – –

Cholesterol <300 mg/day – – – – – –

Fiber (g/day) 25–35 30–35 25–35 Restricted – – –

Omega-3 (g/day) 0.5–1.0 0.3 0.5–1.0 – – – Incl. in lipids

Sodium (mg/day) <1,500 1,500–2,300 <2,000 (if nephro) Restricted Monitor – Balance 60–150 mEq/L

Potassium (mg/day) Increase Increase Normal 2,000–3,000 limit Monitor – 40–80 mEq/L

Calcium (mg/day) 1,000 1,000–1,300 1,000 Monitor with PO₄ – – 10–15 mEq/L

Phosphorus (mg/day) 700 700 700 Restricted – – 10–15 mmol/day

Magnesium (mg/day) 320–420 310 320–420 Monitor – – 8–20 mEq/day

Iron (mg/day) 8–18 27 – – – – Per needs

Zinc (mg/day) 8–11 12 – Monitor – – 2.5–5 mg/day

Iodine (µg/day) 150 220 – – – – 70–140 µg/day

Copper (mg/day) 0.9 1.0 – – – – 0.3–0.5 mg/day

Selenium (µg/day) 55 60 – – – – 20–60 µg/day

Chromium (µg/day) 25–35 30 – – – – 10–15 µg/day

Vitamin A (µg/day) 700–900 770 700–900 Monitor (no excess) – – 1,000 µg/day

Vitamin D (µg/day) 15–20 15 15–20 As needed – – 200–400 IU/day

Vitamin E (mg/day) 15 15 15 – – – 10–20 IU/day

Vitamin K (µg/day) 90–120 90 90–120 Monitor (warfarin) – – 150 µg/day

Vitamin C (mg/day) 75–90 85 75–90 – – – 100–200 mg/day

Thiamin (B1) (mg/day) 1.1–1.2 1.4 1.1–1.2 – – – 3–6 mg/day

Riboflavin (B2) (mg/day) 1.1–1.3 1.4 1.1–1.3 – – – 3.6 mg/day

Niacin (B3) (mg/day) 14–16 18 14–16 – – – 40–60 mg/day

Vitamin B6 (mg/day) 1.3–1.7 1.9 1.3–1.7 – – – 4–6 mg/day

Folate (µg/day) 400 600 400 – – – 600 µg/day

Vitamin B12 (µg/day) 2.4 2.6 2.4 – – – 5–15 µg/day

Fluids (L/day) 2–3 2–2.5 – Restricted if edema Per needs – Per needs + balance

Blood Glucose (mg/dl) – – <126 fasting – <180 – <180, avoid >300

Cholesterol Total (mg/dl) <200 – – Monitor – – –

LDL (mg/dl) <100 – – – – – –

Triglycerides (mg/dl) <150 – – – – – <400 (PN)

BMI (kg/m²) <25 normal, >28 obese 18.5–24.9 ideal – – – <18.5 risk –

Disease Priority Nutrients Restrictions Special Notes

CVD Omega-3, Fiber, K, Mg Na, Sat fat, Cholesterol DASH diet, plant sterols

Pregnancy Fe, Folate, Ca, I, D, Zn Caffeine, Alcohol, Vit A excess Weight gain based on BMI

Diabetes Fiber, Low GI carbs, Protein Na (if HTN), Sugars Glycemic control paramount

CKD Protein (adjust), Calories K, PO₄, Na, Fluid Stage-based management

Critical Illness Protein, Calories, Glucose control Overfeeding Early EN within 48h

PN Complete nutrients, Electrolytes Hyperglycemia, Overfeeding Monitor liver, electrolytes

Key to Abbreviations:

· CVD = Cardiovascular Disease

· CKD = Chronic Kidney Disease

· EN = Enteral Nutrition

· PN = Parenteral Nutrition

· AKI = Acute Kidney Injury

· GI = Glycemic Index

· HTN = Hypertension

· PO₄ = Phosphate

· DASH = Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension